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MARIJUANA OPTICS An elaboration on the phytochemical process that makes THC
A Continuing updating manual
April 2006 Update Of
MARIJUANA OPTICS: An elaboration on the process that makes THC
by Joe Knuc
The resin exuded by the glandular trichrome forms a sphere(1) that
encases the head cells.(2)
When the resin spheres are separated from the dried plant
material by electrostatic(3) attraction
and placed on a microscope slide illuminated with a 100W incandescent bulb, they
appear very dark when observed through a 300X microscope. Since orange,
red, and infrared are the component wavelengths of incandescent light, and since
the absorption of light makes an object dark or opaque to the frequency of the
incoming wave, one can conclude that these wavelengths are probably not directly
involved in energizing the cannabinoid pathway.(4)
However, the resin sphere is transparent to ultraviolet radiation.(5)
The author found through trial and error that only one glandular
trichome(6) exhibits the phytochemical
process that will produce the amount of THC associated with pain relief,
appetite stimulation and anti-nausea; euphoria and hallucinations are
side-effects, however. This trichome is triggered into growth by either of
the two ways that the floral bract is turned into fruit.(7)
Of all the ways that optics are involved in the
phytochemical production of THC, the most interesting has to be how the head
cells and cannabinoid molecules are tremendously magnified(8)
by the resin sphere. These and other facts are curiously absent from the
literature. The footnotes update the literature to include electrostatic
separation of the resin sphere from the dried plant material and marijuana
parthenocarpy.
(1) "For all spheres, a ray drawn perpendicular to the
sphere's surface will intersect the center of the sphere, no matter what spot on
the surface is picked, and the magnifying power(a) of a glass sphere is greater
the smaller its size. A sphere of glass can also bring light that is
heading to a focus behind it to a point within it, with freedom from two
aberrations, spherial aberration and coma, but not from chromatic aberration.
Chromatic aberration results when different wavelengths are focused on different
planes and is the most difficult of the aberrations to correct. The human
eye lens also exhibits chromatic aberration, but a yellow pigment(b) called the
macula lutea in the fovea, an area at the rear of the eyeball, corrects this
problem by the way it absorbs blue light."
(a)"The formula to calculate the magnifying
power of a sphere is l=333/d, where l is the magnifying power and d is the
diameter of the sphere expressed in mm."
(b)Interestingly, the resin exuded by drug-type
flowering female marijuana plants has a yellow tint. Could this pigment work to
correct chromatic aberration in the resin sphere like the macula lutea does in
the fovea for the eyeball?
RETURN
(2) Quoting from the Mahlberg and Kim study of hemp(a) "THC
accumulated in abundance in the secretory cavity where it was associated with
the following: cell walls, surface feature of secretory vesicles, fibrillar
material released from disc cell wall, and cuticle. It was not associated
with the content of the secretory vesicles."
The resin spheres contain the THC. It is not
contained in the leaf or floral bract. After the resin spheres are
dissolved in solvent or dislodged by electrostatic attraction, and a microscopic
examination of the leaf or floral bract has revealed that only the glandular
trichomes' stalks remain, no effect will be felt after smoking the dried plant
material from which the resin spheres have been removed.
RETURN
(3) The electrostatic collection of the resin spheres from dried
marijuana plants with plenty of ripe seeds has been for hundreds of years the
method indigenous people of North Africa and Lebanon have used to make hashish.
Obtain a round metal can 8" or so in diameter x 3" or so in depth (the
kind that cookies come in) with a smooth lid. Obtain 2 ounces of dried
marijuana with plenty of ripe seeds in the tops. To remove the seeds and
stems, sift the marijuana tops through a 10-hole-to-the-inch wire kitchen
strainer into the can. Close the can with the lid and vigorously shake the
closed can three or four times. This gives the resin spheres an excess
negative charge. Let the can sit for a moment and then remove the lid.
Opposites attract. The negative-charged resin spheres have been attracted
to the metal surface of the can and lid which has a positive charge. Take
a matchbook cover or credit card and draw the edge across the surface of the
lid. Note the collected powder. Observed under 300X magnification,
the collected powder from this "shake" is composed of resin spheres
with an occasional non-glandular trichome. As the marijuana is shaken
again and again, and more of the yellow resin spheres are removed from the plant
material, the collected powder gradually becomes green-colored as the number of
non-glandular trichomes increases in the collected powder. The greener the
powder, the less the effect.
RETURN
(4) "Cannabinoids represent a dimer consisting of a terpene
and a phenol component. Cannabigerol (CBG) is the first component of the
pathway. It undergoes chemical change to form either cannabichromene (CBC),
or cannabidiol (CBD). Delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is derived from
CBD."
RETURN
(5) "Pate (1983) indicated that in areas of high
ultraviolet radiation exposure, the UVB (280-320 nm) absorption properties of
THC may have conferred an evolutionary advantage to Cannabis capable of greater
production of this compound from biogenetic precursor CBD. The extent to
which this production is also influenced by environmental UVB has also been
experimentally determined by Lydon et al. (1987)."
The author's own experience allow for a more
specific conclusion: If the UVB photon is missing from the light stream(a), or
the intensity as expressed in µW/cm2 falls below a certain level(b), the
phytochemical process will not be completely energized with only UVA photons
which are more penetrating but less energetic, and the harvested resin spheres
will have mostly precursor compounds and not fully realized THC(c).
(a)Examples of an environment where the UVB photon
would be missing from the light stream include all indoor cultivation
illuminated by mercury or sodium lamps and in glass, polyethylene or fiberglass
covered greenhouses.
(b)"The maximum UVB irradiance near the
equator (solar elevation angle less than 25 deg.) under clear, sunny skies is
about 250 µW/cm2. It was observed that the daily solar UVB in Riyadh,
Saudi Arabia (N24.4Lat.) decreased from September to December by about 40% (Hannan
et al. 1984)." The further a person is from the tropics, the less UVB
radiation there is: the average annual exposure of a person living in Hawaii is
approximately four times that of someone living in northern Europe.
"Some reptiles, mainly lizards, turtles, tortoises and crocodilians,
require UVB to make vitamin D3. Green Iguanas will start to show signs of
metabolic bone disease at 6 months of age if not exposed to UVB wavelengths.
A rubber jaw, shaking and non-use of hind legs are all signs of metabolic bone
disease. Metabolic bone disease is perhaps the most common nutritional
deficiency affecting captive reptiles. UVA and UVB wavelengths help to
prevent or reverse this disease which is commonly seen in young captive lizards;
these wavelengths also help to increase appetite and activity in lizards and
turtles who require more UVA and UVB than pythons and snakes to induce
reproductive behavior. Even though snakes get their vitamin D3 from the
livers of the animals they eat (mice, rats, etc.), snakes and amphibians benefit
from the UVA wavelength." Below are some UVB readings taken in
Hoyleton, Illinois, on a clear sunny day in June by David Krughoff as reported
in Reptile Lighting 2000.
7am: 12 microwatts/cm2
8am: 74 microwatts/cm2
9am: 142 microwatts/cm2
10am: 192 microwatts/cm2
11am: 233 microwatts/cm2
12pm: 256 microwatts/cm2
1pm: 269 microwatts/cm2
2pm: 262 microwatts/cm2
3pm: 239 microwatts/cm2
4pm: 187 microwatts/cm2
5pm: 131 microwatts/cm2
6pm: 61 microwatts/cm2
(c)Cannabinoid pathway: Anywhere in this pathway
UVB does a better job than UVA in energizing a phytochemical reaction that will
produce more fully realized THC because "all cannabinolic compounds show an
absorption maximum between 270 and 280 nm in the ultraviolet region."
RETURN
(6) Capitate-stalked glandular trichome.
RETURN
(7) #1: The ovum has been fertilized and there is a seed
developing: In the areas of the Northern Hemisphere where indigenous people have
grown heterozygous drug-type marijuana for hundreds of years, pollination is
used to trigger the growth of the capitate-stalked glandular trichome on the
floral bract and concomitant leaves of the flowering females before the autumnal
equinox(a) so the majority of seeds will be ripe(b) by mid-October.
(7) #2: The floral bract has become parthenocarpic: Parthenocarpic fruits
develop without fertilization and have no seeds. Except for transmutation
and turning lead into gold, there has been more nonsense written about seedless
marijuana than on any other subject. In marijuana parthenocarpy, the
floral bract (the fruit) enlarges in size as though there were a seed growing
inside, and the capitate-stalked glandular trichome is triggered into growth on
the floral bract and concomitant leaves. "Most popular supermarket
tomatoes are parthenocarpic which was induced artificially by the application of
dilute hormone sprays (such as auxins) to the flowers." In a trial,
marijuana parthenocarpy was not induced by the application of the spray used on
tomatoes.
Only the photoperiod(c) will trigger parthenocarpy
in flowering female marijuana plants. Marijuana parthenocarpy occurring
before the autumnal equinox is considered by the author to be
"long-day" and marijuana parthenocarpy occurring after the autumnal
equinox to be "short-day". The longest photoperiod that will
trigger parthenocarpy in unfertilized flowering homozygous(d) Indica female
marijuana plants is 13:00 hours, give or take 15 minutes. This effect can
be obtained in the month of August at N35Lat, and because the capitate-stalked
glandular trichomes received plenty of UVB during this month at this latitude,
the harvested resin spheres had fully realized THC. Rating: euphoria and
hallucinations, major appetite boost and pain relief, deep dreamless sleep.
These plants seldom grow taller than four feet but potency makes up for the
reduced harvest.
The gene pool is heterozygous if a flowering
female marijuana plant is not parthenocarpic by the end of the first week in
September in the Northern Hemisphere. If this is the case, pollination is
used instead of parthenocarpy to trigger the growth of the capitate-stalked
glandular trichome before the autumnal equinox to obtain as much fully realized
THC as possible in the harvested resin spheres by the time the majority of the
seeds are ripe.
The longest photoperiod that will trigger
parthenocarpy in unfertilized flowering heterozygous female marijuana plants is
11:00 hours, give or take 15 minutes: This effect can be obtained in the month
of November at N35Lat. Because of the low intensity of UVB radiation at
this latitude at sea level during November, the harvested resin spheres
evidenced only slightly more THC than precursor compounds. Rating: mild to
medium euphoria, appetite boost and pain relief, good snooze.
Thai marijuana falls into this 11:00 hour
category, and its parthenocarpy is characterized by an inflorescence in which
many floral bracts are attached to an elongated meristem. It is these
elongated meristems that are harvested to become a THAI STICK. On the
other side of the world, Mexican marijuana grown around the same latitudes (Michoacan,
Guerrero, Oaxaca) also falls into this short-day parthenocarpic category and the
unfertilized marijuana will become "sensimilla" in the 11:00 hour
photoperiod which begins in mid-December in that region. The winter
sunshine in those latitudes has enough UVB intensity to produce fully realized
THC--unlike the winter sunshine at N35Lat.
All unfertilized flowering female marijuana plants
will become parthenocarpic in a 9:00 hour photoperiod (15:00 hour dark period):
This can be obtained in the month of December at N35Lat. At this latitude
in this month there is not even enough UVB in sunlight for precursor vitamin D3
to develop in human skin. The phytochemical process will not produce fully
realized THC when UVB falls below a certain level of intensity expressed in µW/cm2.
Rating: no effect.
(a)In the Northern Hemisphere above the Tropic of
Cancer, the key to all marijuana potency is this: The more days of sunlight the
capitate-stalked glandular trichomes' resin spheres accumulate before the
autumnal equinox the more fully realized THC.
(b)It is recognized in the indigenous world that
drug-type marijuana with a majority of ripe seeds will produce more euphoria,
hallucinations, appetite stimulation, pain relief, and sleep aid than with a
majority of unripe seeds.
(c)The photoperiodic response is controlled by
phytochrome. "Phytochrome is a blue pigment in the leaves and seeds
of plants and is found in 2 forms. One form is a blue form(Pfr), which
absorbs red light, and the other is a blue-green form(Pr) that absorbs far-red
light. Solar energy has 10X more red (660nm) than far-red (730nm) light
causing the accumulation of Pfr." The first and last hour of a day's
sunlight is mostly red light because of the scattering effect on blue light.
"So at the onset of the dark period much of the phytochrome is in the Pfr
form. However, Pfr is unstable and returns to phytochrome Pr in the
dark." The red light in sunrise returns the Pr to the Pfr form.
"Phytochrome Pfr is the active form and controls flowering and germination.
It inhibits flowering of short-day plants (the long night period is required for
the conversion of Pfr to Pr) and promotes flowering of long day plants."
Kelvin Temperature is an easy key to the
efficiency of artificial light to fuel photosynthesis or to affect the
phytochrome. The former is fueled very efficiently by 6500K light: this is
a Kelvin Temperature the same color as the sky at noon on a clear summer day.
Some Mercury Vapor HID bulbs are rated 6500K. Metal Halide HID bulbs are
rated 4000K and can be used instead of the mercury vapor with good results.
A less expensive alternative to HID lights that will produce the same results on
a smaller scale is the GE Daylight ULTRA 40-watt 48" fluorescent tube which
is rated 6500K. 160W will deliver the desired effect to eight sq ft
(2'x4') if the ballast in the two-lamp holder is a "high power factor"
standard size; the smaller, energy-saver ballast provides less luminosity.
The fluorescent tubes have to be closer to the plant meristem than the HID bulb.
To obtain the desired effect with the fluorescent tubes in an environment that
receives no supplemental sunlight, the distance to the plant meristem should not
be greater than 2" for seedlings or 6" for transplants in one gallon
and larger containers.
Phytochrome, on the other hand, is very responsive
to red and orange wavelengths. Because its light is saturated in these
wavelengths, the ordinary household incandescent light bulb (2845K) is used as a
cheap and effective way either to delay flowering in short-day plants with
night-interruption lighting or to establish an artificial light "flowering
photoperiod" using 2845K light of appropriate wattage for the square
footage at the start and end of the photoperiod to simulate the red wavelength
in sunrise and sunset. A 100W light bulb distanced 2' to 4' from the
plants will deliver the desired effect to 16 sq ft (4'x4').
As an example: 8' x 8' garden plot divided into
quads. The phytochrome of the plants is manipulated by 100 watts of 2845K
light dangling over the center of each quad for a total of 400 watts.
Photosynthesis for the entire garden plot is fueled by 1000 watts of 6500K
Mercury Vapor light or 1000 watts of 4000K Metal Halide light dangling overhead
at the center of the garden plot. To use the potent UVB photons in outdoor
sunlight during July and August to fuel the phytochemical process that makes
THC, a short-day flowering photoperiod for the indoor garden plot could be
established on May 1st for potted marijuana plants that were germinated December
1st of the previous year.
FLOWERING PHOTOPERIOD
SUNRISE: One
hour phytochrome (2845K light)
DAYTIME: 10:00 hours
photosynthesis (6500K/4000K light)
SUNSET: One
hour phytochrome (2845K light)
NIGHTTIME: 12 hours dark
PARTHENOCARPIC PHOTOPERIOD
SUNRISE: One
hour phytochrome (2845K light)
DAYTIME: 9:00 hours
photosynthesis (6500K/4000K light)
SUNSET: One
hour phytochrome (2845K light)
NIGHTTIME: 13 hours dark
The change to a parthenocarpic photoperiod is made
around the third week in June after the plants have fully flowered; then,
beginning July 7 or so, the potted plants are moved outdoors into full sun from
9am until 4pm. Moving the plants from the indoor parthenocarpic
photoperiod to outdoor sunlight takes advantage of the energy of the UVB photons
during these months and should be continued for at least 30 days. This is
the time necessary for the phytochemical process to make fully realized THC in
the majority of the resin spheres. Manipulation of the photoperiod could
be used to good effect in the South of England, for example, because it is only
possible to get a sunburn there during July and August. This follows the
author's naked caucasoid sunburn rule that states: If a naked caucasoid can go
outside and get a sunburn, there are enough UVB photons of appropriate intensity
to make fully realized THC at that time and place.
d)In Nepal and nearby areas of India where the
capitate-stalked glandular trichome is triggered into growth by parthenocarpy
rather than by fertilized ovum, great care is taken to make sure that all male
marijuana plants are destroyed as soon as they reveal their sex. This is
because unfertilized Indica flowering females can have both stigma and anther
protruding from the floral bract. In the Indica gene pool, female-produced
pollen carries an allele for long-day parthenocarpy, and seeds resulting from
this female-produced pollen will produce another generation of female plants
that will also exhibit long-day parthenocarpy during flowering. But if
pollen from male plants is introduced into this gene pool, the resulting seeds
will produce a generation of females that will exhibit short-day parthenocarpy
instead. The allele for long-day parthenocarpy in the female-produced
pollen is carried into the gene pool by self-pollination and cross-pollination,
and perhaps homozygous is used too loosely here to describe the genetic result.
RETURN
(8) It appears that the resin sphere acts as a magnifying lens.
A NOTE ABOUT MARIJUANA OPTICS FROM THE AUTHOR: Joe Knuc is a pseudonym.
If the paragraph or sentence has quotes around it then somebody with a degree
wrote it. Otherwise, the author takes credit for it.
First published December 2002 and revised 2003, the author transferred the
MARIJUANA OPTICS copyright in May 2003 to D.
Craig Steffens, a medical marijuana patient and activist.
Marijuana Optics is available in two formats: PDF and HTML. But you'll
have to get them from jknuc's Yahoo Briefcase because this free server does not
allow downloads. Send
this email message and a link to both file types will be sent to you by
return email. The PDF file is compressed into a ZIP file. The HTML
file is not.
In California, the San Diego city council recently passed guidelines for the
cultivation of medical marijuana inside the city limits. Under these
guidelines, only indoor cultivation is permitted. In Humboldt county
medical marijuana grown outdoors must be beneath a canopy. These
restrictions could be part of a ploy to downgrade the effectiveness of medical
marijuana by removing the UVB photon from the light stream. In Canada, for
example, the marijuana the government is providing to some patients is grown
inside a former copper mine under artificial light. Is it any surprise
that the patients' who signed up for the government program are dissatisfied
with the government product and want their money back?
The "hide" is the toughest part of medical marijuana cultivation.
How to get the UVB photon to the capitate-stalked glandular trichome without the
police or the neighbors seeing the plants is a problem every medical marijuana
grower faces if he or she is hip to the cannabinoid pathway. Shelter
Systems sells a translucent woven ripstop film that transmits a percentage
of the UVB radiation. On September 22 at N35Lat, the UVB reading at
11:00am of unfiltered sunlight was 300 microwatts/cm2 at a 1400' elevation.
At the same time, the UVB reading inside a structure covered with the
translucent woven ripstop film was 140 microwatts/cm2. 140 microwatts/cm2
may not seem like much compared to the 300 microwatts/cm2 contained in the
unfiltered sunlight, but when you realize that there are zero UVB photons
emitted by HID bulbs and zero UVB photons transmitted by corrugated fiberglass
or other traditional greenhouse coverings, 140 microwatts/cm2 is quite a lot.
A 2 mil.
translucent greenhouse covering manufactured in Japan is transparent to UVB and
should last 10 years. An Entrepreneur is needed in the United States
to sell this product ONLINE.
RETURN TO THE TOP
© May 2003 D. Craig Steffens
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