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MARIJUANA OPTICS
An elaboration on the phytochemical process that makes THC
April 2006 Update Of
MARIJUANA OPTICS, An elaboration on the phytochemical
process that makes THC, A Continuing Updating Manual
Return
Back To Main Medical Reports Page
by Joe Knuc
The resin exuded by the glandular trichome forms a sphere (1) that
encases the head cells. (2)
When the resin spheres are separated from the dried plant
material by electrostatic (3) attraction
and placed on a microscope slide illuminated with a 100W incandescent bulb, they
appear very dark when observed through a 300X microscope. Since orange, red, and
infrared are the component wavelengths of incandescent light, and since the
absorption of light makes an object dark or opaque to the frequency of the
incoming wave, one can conclude that these wavelengths are probably not directly
involved in energizing the cannabinoid pathway. (4)
However, the resin sphere is transparent to ultraviolet radiation. (5)
The author found through trial and error that only one glandular
trichome (6) exhibits the phytochemical
process that will produce the amount of THC associated with pain relief,
appetite stimulation and anti-nausea; euphoria and hallucinations are
side-effects, however. This trichome is triggered into growth by either of the
two ways that the floral bract is turned into fruit. (7)
Of all the ways that optics are involved in the
phytochemical production of THC, the most interesting has to be how the head
cells and cannabinoid molecules are tremendously magnified (8)
by the resin sphere. These and other facts are curiously absent from the
literature. The footnotes update the literature to include electrostatic
separation of the resin sphere from the dried plant material and marijuana
parthenocarpy.
(1) "For all spheres, a ray drawn perpendicular to the
sphere's surface will intersect the center of the sphere, no matter what spot on
the surface is picked, and the magnifying power(a) of a glass sphere is greater
the smaller its size. A sphere of glass can also bring light that is heading to
a focus behind it to a point within it, with freedom from two aberrations,
spherial aberration and coma, but not from chromatic aberration. Chromatic
aberration results when different wavelengths are focused on different planes
and is the most difficult of the aberrations to correct. The human eye lens also
exhibits chromatic aberration, but a yellow pigment(b) called the macula lutea
in the fovea, an area at the rear of the eyeball, corrects this problem by the
way it absorbs blue light."
(a)"The formula to calculate the magnifying power of a sphere is l=333/d,
where l is the magnifying power and d is the diameter of the sphere expressed in
mm."
(b)Interestingly, the resin exuded by drug-type flowering female marijuana
plants has a yellow tint. Could this pigment work to correct chromatic
aberration in the resin sphere like the macula lutea does in the fovea for the
eyeball?
RETURN
(2) Quoting from the Mahlberg and Kim study of hemp: "THC
accumulated in abundance in the secretory cavity where it was associated with
the following: cell walls, surface feature of secretory vesicles, fibrillar
material released from disc cell wall, and cuticle. It was not associated with
the content of the secretory vesicles."
The resin spheres contain the THC. It is not contained in the leaf or floral
bract. After the resin spheres are dissolved in solvent or dislodged by
electrostatic attraction, and a microscopic examination of the leaf or floral
bract has revealed that only the glandular trichomes' stalks remain, no effect
will be felt after smoking the dried plant material from which the resin spheres
have been removed.
RETURN
(3) The electrostatic collection of the resin spheres from dried
marijuana plants with plenty of ripe seeds has been for hundreds of years the
method indigenous people of North Africa and Lebanon have used to make hashish.
Obtain a round metal can 8" or so in diameter x 3" or so in depth (the
kind that cookies come in) with a smooth lid. Obtain 2 ounces of dried marijuana
with plenty of ripe seeds in the tops. To remove the seeds and stems, sift the
marijuana tops through a 10-hole-to-the-inch wire kitchen strainer into the can.
Close the can with the lid and vigorously shake the closed can three or four
times. This gives the resin spheres an excess negative charge. Let the can sit
for a moment and then remove the lid. Opposites attract. The negative-charged
resin spheres have been attracted to the metal surface of the can and lid which
has a positive charge. Take a matchbook cover or credit card and draw the edge
across the surface of the lid. Note the collected powder. Observed under 300X
magnification, the collected powder from this "shake" is composed of
resin spheres with an occasional non-glandular trichome. As the marijuana is
shaken again and again, and more of the yellow resin spheres are removed from
the plant material, the collected powder gradually becomes green-colored as the
number of non-glandular trichomes increases in the collected powder. The greener
the powder, the less the effect.
RETURN
(4) "Cannabinoids represent a dimer consisting of a terpene
and a phenol component. Cannabigerol (CBG) is the first component of the
pathway. It undergoes chemical change to form either cannabichromene (CBC), or
cannabidiol (CBD). Delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is derived from CBD."
RETURN
(5) "Pate (1983) indicated that in areas of high
ultraviolet radiation exposure, the UVB (280-320 nm) absorption properties of
THC may have conferred an evolutionary advantage to Cannabis capable of greater
production of this compound from biogenetic precursor CBD. The extent to which
this production is also influenced by environmental UVB has also been
experimentally determined by Lydon et al. (1987)."
The writer's own experience allow for a more specific conclusion: If the UVB
photon is missing from the light stream(a), or the intensity as expressed in µW/cm2
falls below a certain level(b), the phytochemical process will not be completely
energized with only UVA photons which are more penetrating but less energetic,
and the harvested resin spheres will have mostly precursor compounds and not
fully realized THC(c).
(a)Examples of an environment where the UVB photon would be missing from the
light stream include all indoor cultivation illuminated by HID bulbs and in
glass or corrugated fiberglass covered greenhouses.
(b)"The maximum UVB irradiance near the equator (solar elevation angle less
than 25 deg.) under clear, sunny skies is about 250 µW/cm2. It was observed
that the daily solar UVB in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (N24.4Lat.) decreased from
September to December by about 40% (Hannan et al. 1984). The further a person is
from the tropics, the less UVB radiation there is: the average annual exposure
of a person living in Hawaii is approximately four times that of someone living
in northern Europe." Below are some UVB readings taken in Hoyleton,
Illinois, on a clear sunny day in June by David Krughoff as reported in Reptile
Lighting 2000.
7am: 12 microwatts/cm2
8am: 74 microwatts/cm2
9am: 142 microwatts/cm2
10am: 192 microwatts/cm2
11am: 233 microwatts/cm2
12pm: 256 microwatts/cm2
1pm: 269 microwatts/cm2
2pm: 262 microwatts/cm2
3pm: 239 microwatts/cm2
4pm: 187 microwatts/cm2
5pm: 131 microwatts/cm2
6pm: 61 microwatts/cm2
(c)Cannabinoid pathway: Anywhere in this pathway
UVB (320 nm -
290 nm) does a better job than UVA (400 nm - 320 nm) in energizing a
phytochemical reaction that will produce more fully realized THC because
"all cannabinolic compounds show an absorption maximum between 270 and 280
nm in the ultraviolet region."
RETURN
(6) Capitate-stalked glandular trichome.
RETURN
(7) #1: The ovum has been fertilized and there is a seed
developing: In the areas of the Northern Hemisphere where indigenous people have
grown heterozygous drug-type marijuana for hundreds of years, pollination is
used to trigger the growth of the capitate-stalked glandular trichome on the
floral bract and concomitant leaves of the flowering females before the autumnal
equinox(a) so the majority of seeds will be ripe(b) before November.
(7) #2: The floral bract has become parthenocarpic: Parthenocarpic fruits
develop without fertilization and have no seeds. Except for transmutation and
turning lead into gold, there has been more nonsense written about seedless
marijuana than on any other subject. In marijuana parthenocarpy, the floral
bract (the fruit) enlarges in size as though there were a seed growing inside,
and the capitate-stalked glandular trichome is triggered into growth on the
floral bract and concomitant leaves. "Most popular supermarket tomatoes are
parthenocarpic which was induced artificially by the application of dilute
hormone sprays (such as auxins) to the flowers." In a trial, marijuana
parthenocarpy was not induced by the application of the spray used on tomatoes.
Only the photoperiod(c) will trigger parthenocarpy in flowering female marijuana
plants. Marijuana parthenocarpy occurring before the autumnal equinox is
considered by the author to be "long-day" and marijuana parthenocarpy
occurring after the autumnal equinox to be "short-day".
The longest photoperiod that will trigger parthenocarpy in unfertilized
flowering homozygous(d) Indica female marijuana plants is 13:00 hours, give or
take 15 minutes. This effect can be obtained in the month of August at N35Lat,
and because the capitate-stalked glandular trichomes received plenty of UVB
during this month at this latitude, the harvested resin spheres had fully
realized THC. Rating: euphoria and hallucinations, major appetite boost and pain
relief, deep dreamless sleep. These plants seldom grow taller than four feet but
potency makes up for the reduced harvest.
The gene pool is heterozygous if a flowering female marijuana plant is not
parthenocarpic by the end of the first week in September in the Northern
Hemisphere. If this is the case, pollination is used instead of parthenocarpy to
trigger the growth of the capitate-stalked glandular trichome before the
autumnal equinox to obtain as much fully realized THC as possible in the
harvested resin spheres by the time the majority of the seeds are ripe.
The longest photoperiod that will trigger parthenocarpy in unfertilized
flowering heterozygous female marijuana plants is 11:00 hours, give or take 15
minutes: This effect can be obtained in the month of November at N35Lat. Because
of the low intensity of UVB radiation at this latitude at sea level during
November, the harvested resin spheres evidenced only slightly more THC than
precursor compounds. Rating: mild to medium euphoria, appetite boost and pain
relief, good snooze.
Thai marijuana falls into this 11:00 hour category, and its parthenocarpy is
characterized by an inflorescence in which many floral bracts are attached to an
elongated meristem. It is these elongated meristems that are harvested to become
a THAI STICK. On the other side of the world, Mexican marijuana grown around the
same latitudes (Michoacan, Guerrero, Oaxaca) also falls into this short-day
parthenocarpic category and the unfertilized marijuana will become "sensimilla"
in the 11:00 hour photoperiod which begins in mid-December in that region. The
winter sunshine in those latitudes has more UVB intensity than the winter
sunshine at N35Lat.
All unfertilized flowering female marijuana plants will become parthenocarpic in
a 9:00 hour photoperiod (15:00 hour dark period): This can be obtained in the
month of December at N35Lat. At this latitude in this month there is not even
enough UVB in sunlight for precursor vitamin D3 to develop in human skin. The
phytochemical process will not produce THC whenever the UVB and UVA photons
in the light stream fall below a certain level of intensity expressed in µW/cm2.
Rating: no effect.
(a)In the Northern Hemisphere above the Tropic of Cancer, the key to all
marijuana potency is this: The more days of sunlight the capitate-stalked
glandular trichomes' resin spheres accumulate before the autumnal equinox the
more fully realized THC.
(b)It is recognized in the indigenous world that drug-type marijuana with a
majority of ripe seeds will produce more euphoria, hallucinations, appetite
stimulation, pain relief, and sleep aid than with a majority of unripe seeds.
(c)The photoperiodic response is controlled by phytochrome. "Phytochrome is
a blue pigment in the leaves and seeds of plants and is found in 2 forms. One
form is a blue form(Pfr), which absorbs red light, and the other is a blue-green
form(Pr) that absorbs far-red light. Solar energy has 10X more red (660nm) than
far-red (730nm) light causing the accumulation of Pfr." The first and last
hour of a day's sunlight is mostly red light because of the scattering effect on
blue light. "So at the onset of the dark period much of the phytochrome is
in the Pfr form. However, Pfr is unstable and returns to phytochrome Pr in the
dark." The red light in sunrise returns the Pr to the Pfr form. "Phytochrome
Pfr is the active form and controls flowering and germination. It inhibits
flowering of short-day plants (the long night period is required for the
conversion of Pfr to Pr) and promotes flowering of long day plants."
Click here
to view A Frugal Users' Guide to Marijuana and Artificial Light. Click
here to view two HID light setups of different wattage. Click
here to view a photoperiod study of marijuana grown at a latitude in
Afganistan.
(d)In Nepal and nearby areas of India where the capitate-stalked glandular
trichome is triggered into growth by parthenocarpy rather than by fertilized
ovum, great care is taken to make sure that all male marijuana plants are
destroyed as soon as they reveal their sex. This is because unfertilized Indica
flowering females can have both stigma and anther protruding from the floral
bract. In the Indica gene pool, female-produced pollen carries an allele for
long-day parthenocarpy, and seeds resulting from this female-produced pollen
will produce another generation of female plants that will also exhibit long-day
parthenocarpy during flowering. But if pollen from male plants is introduced
into this gene pool, the resulting seeds will produce a generation of females
that will exhibit short-day parthenocarpy instead. The allele for long-day
parthenocarpy in the female-produced pollen is carried into the gene pool by
self-pollination and cross-pollination, and perhaps homozygous is used too
loosely here to describe the genetic result.
RETURN
(8) It appears that the resin
sphere acts as an UVB receptor and magnifying lens. The latter apparently
lets it gather in a lot more photons than would otherwise be possible; because a
lens also acts as a prism, the resin sphere may prevent some wavelengths from
being focused where the phytochemical processes are taking place because they
could interfere with the efficiency of the phytochemical process that makes THC.
Joe Knuc is a pseudonym. If the paragraph or sentence in Marijuana Optics has
quotes around it, then somebody probably with a degree wrote it. As for the
rest, it was all written by Joe Knuc and the views expressed are his alone
except where indicated.
Submitted To Us For Publication By
Copyright (c) 2002 (rev. 2006) Joe Knuc.
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