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Key ingredient staves off marijuana memory loss Cannabis
composition determines effects on the brain.
Smoking cannabis has long been associated with poor short-term memory,
but a study now suggests that the strain of cannabis makes all the difference.
In a test of short-term memory skills, only users of ‘skunk’-type strains
exhibited impaired recall when intoxicated,
Return Back To Main Medical Reports Page
Key ingredient staves off marijuana memory loss
Cannabis composition determines effects on the brain.
Published online 1 October 2010 | Nature | doi:10.1038/news.2010.508
Arran Frood
http://www.nature.com/news/2010/101001/full/news.2010.508.html
Smoking cannabis has long been associated with poor short-term memory, but a
study now suggests that the strain of cannabis makes all the difference. In
a test of short-term memory skills, only users of ‘skunk’-type strains
exhibited impaired recall when intoxicated, whereas people who smoked
hashish or herbal cannabis blends performed equally well whether they were
stoned or sober.
The findings suggest that an ingredient more plentiful in some types of
marijuana than in others may help to reduce the memory loss that some users
suffer.
The key difference between the types of cannabis is the ratio of two
chemicals found in all strains. Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is the primary
active ingredient, and is responsible for the effects associated with the
classic ‘high’, including euphoria and giddiness but also anxiety and
paranoia. The second chemical, cannabidiol, has more calming effects, and
brain-imaging studies have shown that it can block the psychosis-inducing
effects of THC (2). Skunk-type strains of cannabis contain a higher ratio of
THC to cannabidiol than do hashish or herbal types.
Valerie Curran, a psychopharmacologist from University College London who
led the latest study, says that if habitual users must partake they should
be encouraged to use strains with higher levels of cannabidiol, rather than
using skunk. She also argues that studying cannabidiol could provide insight
into the mechanics of memory formation, and that it may have therapeutic
benefits for disorders involving memory deficits. The findings are published
in the British Journal of Psychiatry today (1).
Cannabis use has increased in recent years — almost as many 16–24-year-olds
in the United Kingdom have tried as haven’t, according to the 2008 report
Statistics on Drug Misuse by the National Health Service — and concerns have
been raised that increased levels of THC in ‘skunk’ varieties owing to
agressive plant breeding over the past decade are responsible for a rise in
the number of young users displaying mild-to-severe cognitive impairment.
However, links to a possible higher incidence and earlier onset of psychotic
conditions such as schizophrenia remain controversial, as do associations
with long-term psychological problems. Researchers suspect any effects of
the drug on mental health could be a result of an increased ratio of THC to
cannabidiol in cannabis, because levels of cannabidiol have not kept pace
with rising THC concentrations.
Total recall
To test this hypothesis, Curran and her colleagues travelled to the homes of
134 volunteers, where the subjects got high on their own supply before
completing a battery of psychological tests designed to measure anxiety,
memory recall and other factors such as verbal fluency when both sober and
stoned. The researchers then took a portion of the stash back to their
laboratory to test how much THC and cannabidiol it contained.
The subjects were divided into groups of high (samples containing 0.75-0.14%
cannabidiol) and low (less than 0.14%) cannabidiol exposure, and the data
were filtered so that their THC levels were constant. Analysis showed that
participants who had smoked cannabis low in cannabidiol were significantly
worse at recalling text than they were when not intoxicated. Those who
smoked cannabis high in cannabidiol showed no such impairment.
The results suggest that cannabidiol can mitigate THC’s interference with
memory formation. This is the first study in human to show such effects. One
previous study, led by Aaron Ilan, a cognitive neuroscientist at the San
Francisco Brain Research Institute in California, failed to find variations
in cognitive effects with varying concentrations of cannabidiol (3).
Ilan attributes the positive finding of Curran and her team to their more
powerful methodology in analysing subjects’ own smoking preferences. In the
United States, government policy dictates that only marijuana provided by
the National Institute on Drug Abuse can be used for research — and it "is
notorious for being low in THC and of poor quality", says Ilan.
Lester Grinspoon, professor emeritus of psychiatry at Harvard Medical School
in Boston, Massachussetts, who has studied the effects of marijuana on
patients since 1967, says that Curran’s study is important. "Cannabis with
high cannabidiol levels will make a more appealing option for anti-pain,
anti-anxiety and anti-spasm treatments, because they can be delivered
without causing disconcerting euphoria," he says.
References
1. Curran, V. et al. Br. J. Psychiat. 197, 285-290 (2010).
2. Bhattacharyya, S. et al. Neuropsychopharmacology 35, 764-774
(2010) .
3. Ilan, A. B. , Gevins, A. , Coleman, M. , ElSohly, M. A. & de
Wit, H. Behav. Pharmacol. 16, 487-496 (2005).
http://www.nature.com/news/2010/101001/full/news.2010.508.html
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