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ONCE you leave the tarmac road, the
hillside hamlet of Mechkralla can be reached only after an arduous three-hour
trek up a mule track, itself partly paid for by the European Union to encourage
tourism in Morocco's northern mountain range, the Rif. Almost as soon as
the main roads and towns are out of sight, the wild, rocky landscape turns into
a patchwork of verdant cannabis fields interspersed with golden wheat and
hot-pink oleander bushes. Along the way, women with bright striped sashes
and straw hats are harvesting the tall seven-leafed plants.
The Rif has hundreds of villages like Mechkralla, virtually all surviving on the
growth of this illegal crop whose resin, extracted from cannabis pollen, is
turned into hashish. According to the United Nations, the region exports
1,000 tons a year, providing 80% of European hash-smokers' needs, and nearly
one-third of the world's.
Hamed, a blissful-looking farmer who smokes the dried buds in the traditional
way, mixing them with coarse tobacco in a long reed pipe, sells a kilo of hash
for 3,000 dirhams ( $348 ). By the time it reaches Paris or London, its
value may multiply by ten. If Hamed grew wheat instead, his modest income
would fall several times over.
Under the French protectorate, cannabis cultivation was eradicated in most of
Morocco. But the Rif fell under nominal Spanish control and, even after
independence in 1956, it had a dispensation to grow the crop but not to sell it
in on a large scale. However, after the late King Hassan II quashed a
rebellion in 1958 when still crown prince, the Rif fell into disfavor.
Hassan refused to set foot there during his 38-year reign, a period when the Rif
exported two main things: migrant workers escaping extreme poverty--and hashish.
One of Muhammad VI's first acts after succeeding his father seven years ago was
to end that ostracism with a long state visit to the Rif. Under pressure
from America and the European Union, his government launched a half-hearted war
on drugs. Since 2004, when it finally banned cultivation, it has pushed
cannabis-growing into the Rif's hinterland. Early this month, police burnt
cannabis fields around Larache, on the Rif's Atlantic edge. New roads are
being built to make cultivation more conspicuous and to encourage farmers to
grow other plants, such as olive or almond trees. But they take years to
bear fruit and bring in a lot less cash. So the government is simply
pushing cultivation out of sight.
A liberal weekly, Tel Quel, published in French in Casablanca, is campaigning to
legalize hash. Its editor, Ahmed Ben Chemsi, calculates from official
figures on the sale of loose tobacco and rolling paper that Moroccans, who
number 33m, smoke a good 1.1 billion joints a year--ie, about 60 joints a year
for every adult. Legalizing it, he says, would fill state coffers, bring
tourists to the neglected region and reduce corruption. "How can it
be illegal when so many people do it?" he says. "You can't criminalize
such a large part of society."