| 6000 B.C. |
Cannabis seeds used for food in China |
| 2000 B.C. - 1400 B.C. |
Cannabis mentioned in the Atharvaveda (Science of
Charms) as "sacred grass". Refered to as bhang or bhanga. The
legend of Shiva, Lord of Bhang. (link) |
| 1500 B.C. |
Cannabis cultivated in China for food and fiber, but not
hashish |
| 1500 B.C. |
Scythians cultivate Cannabis and weave fine hemp cloth from it.
(Sumach 1975) |
| 700 B.C. - 600 B.C. |
The Zoroastrian Zend-Avesta, an ancient Persian religious text
of several hundred volumes, and said to have been written by Zarathustra
(Zoroaster), refers to bhang as Zoroaster's "good narcotic" (Vendidad
or The Law Against Demons) (link to zoroaster evidence? texts?) |
| 700 B.C. - 300 B.C. |
Scythian tribes leave Cannabis seeds as offerings in royal
tombs |
| 500 B.C. |
Scythian couple die and are buried (at grave site in Pazryk, nothwest
of the Tien Shan Mountains in modern-day Khazakstan) with two small
tents covering censors. Attached to one tent stick was a decorated
leather pouch containing wild Cannabis seeds. Unknown whether this was
for purely ritual or also intoxicating use of Cannabis. (link to info
about the discovery?) |
| 430 B.C. |
Herodotus reports on both ritual and recreation use of Cannabis
by the Scythians (Herodotus The Histories 430 B.C. trans. G.
Rawlinson) (link)
|
| 100 B.C. - 0 A.D. |
The Pen Ts'ao mentions Cannabis for medical use |
| 0 A.D. - 100 A.D. |
Construction of Samartian gold and glass paste stash box for storing
hashish, coriander, or salt, buried in Siberian tomb |
| 70 A.D. |
Dioscorides mentions the use of Cannabis as a medicament (Roman) |
| 170 A.D. |
Galen alludes to the psychoactiity of Cannabis seed confections
(Roman) |
| 500 A.D. - 600 A.D. |
The Jewish Talmud mentions the euphoriant properties of Cannabis
(Abel 1980) |
| 900 A.D. - 1000 A.D. |
Scholars debate the pros and cons of eating hashish. Use spreads
throughout Arabia |
| 1090 A.D. - 1256 A.D. |
In Khorasan, Persia, Hasan ibn al-Sabbah, the Old Man of the Mountain,
recruits followers to commit assassinations...legends develop around
their supposed use of hashish. These legends are some of the earliest
written tales of the discovery of the inebriating powers of Cannabis
and the supposed use of Hashish. 1256 Alamut falls (links) |
| 1155 A.D. - 1221 A.D. |
Persian legend of the Sufi master Sheik Haidar's of Khorasan's
personal discovery of Cannabis and it's subsequent spread to
Iraq, Bahrain, Egypt and Syria. Another of the ealiest written
narratives of the use of Cannabis as an inebriant. (link) |
| Early 12th Century |
Hashish smoking very popular throughout the Middle East. |
| 12th Century A.D. |
Cannabis introduced in Egypt during the reign of the Ayyubid dynasty
on the occasion of the flooding of Egypt by mystic devotees coming from
Syria (M.K. Hussein 1957 - Soueif 1972) |
| 1231 A.D. |
Hashish introduced to Iraq in the reign of Caliph Mustansir (Rosenthal
1971) |
| 1271 A.D. -1295 A.D. |
Journeys of Marco Polo in which he gives second-hand reports of the
story of Hasan ibn al-Sabbah and his "assassins" using
hashish. (link) |
| 13th Century A.D. |
The oldest monograph on hashish, Zahr al-'arish fi tahrim
al-hashish, was written. It has since been lost. |
| 13th Century A.D. |
Ibn al-Baytar of Spain provides a description of psychaoctive Cannabis |
| 1378 A.D. |
Ottoman Emir Soudoun Scheikhouni issues one of the first edicts
against the eating of hashish. (link) |
| 1526 A.D. |
Babur Nama, first emperor and founder of Mughal Empire learned of
hashish in Afghanistan. |
| mid 16th Century A.D. |
The epic poem, Benk u Bode, by the poet Mohammed Ebn Soleiman Foruli
of Baghdad, deals allegorically with a dialectical battle between wine
and hashish. |
| 17th Century A.D. |
Use of hashish, alcohol, and opium spreads among the population of
occupied Constantinople |
| Late 17th Century A.D. |
Hashish becomes a major trade item between Central Asia and South Asia |
| 1798 |
Napoleon discovers that much of the Egyptian lower class habitually
uses hashish (Kimmens 1977). He declares a total prohibition. Soldiers
returning to France bring the tradition with them. |
| 19th Century A.D. |
Hashish production expands from Russian Turkestan into Yarkand in
Chinese Turkestan |
| 1809 |
Antoine Sylvestre de Sacy, a leading Arabist, reveals the etymology of
the words "assassin" and "hashishin" |
| 1840 |
In America, medicinal preparations with a Cannabis base are available.
Hashish available in Persian pharmacies. |
| 1843 |
Le Club des Hachichins, or Hashish Eater's Club, established in Paris |
| after 1850 |
Hashish appears in Greece |
| 1856 |
British tax ganja and charas trade in India |
| c 1875 |
Cultivation for hashish introduced to Greece |
| 1870 - 1880 |
First reports of hashish smoking on Greek mainland |
| 1877 |
Kerr reports on Indian ganja and charas trade. |
| 1890 |
Greek Department of Interior prohibits importance, cultivation and use
of hashish. |
| since 1890 |
Hashish made illegal in Turkey |
| 1893-1894 |
The India Hemp Drugs Commission Report is issued. (link to schaffer) |
| 1893-1894 |
70,000 to 80,000 kg of hashish legally imported into India from
Central Asia each year. |
| Early 20th Century |
Hashish smoking very popular throughout the Middle East. |
| 1920 |
Metaxus dictators in Greece crack down on hashish smoking. |
| 1920s |
Hashish smuggled into Egypt from Greece, Syria, Lebanon, Turkey, and
Central Asia |
| 1926 |
Lebanese hashish production peaks after World War I until prohibited
in 1926 |
| 1920's - 1930s |
High-quality hashish produced in Turkey near Greek border |
| 1930 |
Yarkand region of Chinese Turkestan exports 91,471 kg of hashish
legally into the Northwest Frontier and Punjab regions of India |
| 1930s |
Legal taxed imports of hashish continue into India from Central Asia |
| 1934-1935 |
Chinese government moves to end all Cannabis cultivation in Yarkand
and charas traffic from Yarkand. Both licit and illicit hashish
production become illegal in Chinese Turkestan. |
| 1938 |
Supply of hashish from chinese Turkestan nearly ceases. |
| 1940s |
Greek hashish smoking tradition fades. |
| 1941 |
Indian government considers cultivation in Kashmir to fill void of
hashish from Chinese Turkestan |
| 1941-1942 |
Hand-rubbed charas from Nepal is choicest hashish in India during
World War II |
| 1945 |
Legal hashish consumption continues in India |
| 1945-1955 |
Hashish use in Greece flourishes again |
| 1950s |
Hashish still smuggled into India from Chinese Central Asia |
| 1950s |
Moroccan government tacitly allows kif cultivation in Rif Mountains |
| 1966 |
The Moroccan government attempts to purge kif growers from Rif
Mountains |
| 1962 |
First hashish made in Morocco |
| 1963 |
Turkish police seize 2.5 tons of hashish |
| 1965 |
First reports of C. afghanica use for hashish production in northern
Afghanistan |
| 1965 |
Mustafa comes to Ketama in Morocco to make hashish from local kif |
| 1967 |
"Smash", the first hashish oil appears. Red Lebanese reaches
California. |
| late 1960s and early 1970s |
The Brotherhood popularizes Afghani hashish. |
| early 1970s |
Lebanese red and blonde hashish of very high-quality exported. The
highest quality Turkish hashish from Gaziantep near Syria appears in
western Europe. |
| early 1970s |
Afghani hashish varieties introduced to North America for sinsemilla
production. Westerners bring metal sieve cloths to Afghanistan. Law
enforcement efforts against hashish begin in Afghanistan |
| 1970 - 1973 |
Huge fields of Cannabis cultivated for hashish production in
Afghanistan. Last years that truly great Afghani hashish is available |
| 1973 |
Nepal bans the Cannabis shops and charas export |
| 1973 |
Afghan government makes hashish production and sales illegal. Afghani
harvest is pitifully small. |
| 1976-1977 |
Quality of Lebanese hashish reaches zenith |
| 1978 |
Westerners make sieved hashish in Nepal from wild Cannabis |
| late 1970s |
Increasing manufacture of "modern" Afghani hashish. Cannabis
varieties from Afghanistan imported into Kashmir for sieved hashish
production. |
| early 1980s |
Quality of Lebanese hashish declines |
| 1980s |
Morocco becomes one of, if not the largest, hashish producing and
exporting nations |
| 1980s |
"border" hashish produced in northwestern Pakistan along the
Afghan border to avoid Soviet-Afghan war |
| 1983-1984 |
Small amounts of the last high-uality Turkish hashish appear. |
| 1985 |
Hashish still produced by Muslims of Kashgar and Yarkland |
| 1986 |
Most private stashes of pre-war Afghani hashish in Amsterdam, Goa, and
America are nearly finished. |
| 1987 |
Moroccan government cracks down upon Cannabis cultivation in lower
eleations of Rif Mountains |
| 1993 |
Eradication efforts resume in Morocco |
| 1994 |
Heavy fighting between rival Muslim clans continues to upset hashish
trade in Afghanistan |
| 1994 |
Border hashish still produced in Pakistan |
| 1995 |
Introduction of hashish-making equipment and appearance of locally
produced hashish in Amsterdam coffee shops. |
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