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What is an F1 & F2 marijuana
cannabis hybrid?
What really is an F1 cross?
Well defining the terms P1, F1, F2, homozygous, and heterogygous can be a
simple task, however,
applying them to applied genetics can often create confusion. Depending on your
point of reference, a
plant could be described as any of these terms. For our specific field of
interest it's important to further
define these terms to reduce confusion and protect the consumers. First I'll
provide the classic scientific
definition of these and other related terms and then I'll dive into each term
into detail.
Heterzygous - a condition when two genes for a trait are not the same on each
member of a pair of
homologous chromosomes; individuals heterozygous for a trait are indicated by an
"Aa" or "aA" notation
and are not true breeding for that trait.(Clarke)
Homozygous - the condition existing when the genes for a trait are the same
on both chromosomes of a
homologous pair; individuals homozygous for a trait are indicated by
"AA" or "aa" and are true breeding
for that trait. (Clarke)
- Now the heterozygous and homozygous terms can be applied to one trait or a
group of traits within an
individual or a group of individuals. Depending on your point of reference, an
individual or group can be
considered both homozygous or heterozygous. For instance, say you have two
individuals that are both
short (S) and have webbed leaves (W) and have the following genotypes.
#1 = SSWW
#2 = SSWw
They are both homozygous for the short trait but only individual #1 is
homozygous for the webbed leaf
trait. Individual #2 is heterozygous for the webbed leaf trait and would be
considered a heterozygous
individual. As a goup, they would be considered heterozygous in general by some
and homozygous by
others. It would depend on your point of reference and the overall importance
you place on the webbed
leaf trait. Most would consider it to be heterozygous.
For example, the blueberry cannabis strain is considered a true breeding
homozygous seed line because
as a whole the many offspring have a similar look and produce a similar product.
However there are
often subtle differences between the plants of characters such as stem colour
and potency. When taking
a close look at blueberry, you will find heterozygous traits, but because of the
whole overall look, we
still generally consider them homozygous for the purpose of breeding programs.
Using dogs is another
way to explain this, take a dobie for example, you can tell the difference
between dobies, but you can
tell a dobie from another breed. Ya follow?
Hybrid - An individual produced by crossing two parents of different
genotypes. Clarke says
that a hybrid is a heterozygous individual resulting from crossing two seperate
strains.
- For the purpose of seedbanks, a hybrid is in general, a cross between any
two unrelated seedlines.
ANY HYBRID IS heterozygous and NOT TRUE BREEDING.
F1 hybrid - is the first generation of a cross between any two unrelated
seedlines in the creation of a
hybrid. F1 hybrids can be uniform or variable depending on the P1 parent stock
used.
F2 hybrid - is the offspring of a cross between two F1 plants (Clarke). What
Clarke and other sources
don't make clear is do the two F1's need to be from the same parents? By
convention they don't. As
well, german geneticists often describe a backcross of an F1 back to a P1 parent
as a F2 cross.
- OK lets say we take blueberry and cross it with romulan (both relatively
true breeding of their unique
traits) to create the F1 hybrid romberry. Now lets cross the F1 romberry with a
NL/Haze F1 hybrid.
Some could say this is a F1 cross of romberry and NL/Haze. Others could argue
that it is a F2 cross
of two F1 hybrids. Gets confusing doesn't it? Now lets cross this Romberry/NL/Haze(RNH)
with a
Skunk#1/NL#5 F1 hybrid to create RNHSN. Now some would argue that RNHSN is an F1
hybrid
between RNH and SK/NL seedlines. Others would call it an F2.
- So what does this mean to the consumer? It means that a seed bank can call
a cross whatever it wants
until the industry adopts some standards. This is what this article will attempt
to initiate. Clarke eludes to
standardising these definitions but never really gets around to it. Fortunately
other plant breeding
communities have (Colangelli, Grossnickle&Russell, Watts, &Wright) and
adopting their standards
makes the most sense and offers the best protection to the seedbank consumer.
Watts defines an F1 as the heterozygous offspring between two homozygous but
unrelated seedlines.
This makes sense and gives the F1 generation a unique combination of traits;
uniform phenotype but not
true breeding. This is important in the plant breeding world. This means that
when a customer buys F1
seeds that they should expect uniform results. It also means that the breeder's
work is protected from
being duplicated by any other means than using the original P1 (true breeding
parents). [There are
exceptions to this by using techniques such as repeated backcrosses (cubing the
clone)]
F2 crosses are the offspring of crossing two F1 hybrids. This means that they
will not be uniform nor
will they breed true. However, F3, F4, F5, etc will also share these
characteristics, so to simplify
terminology for the seedbanks and seedbank merchants, they can all be classified
as F2 seeds in general.
What does this mean for the preceeding example? Well, the blueberry, romulan,
skunk#1, NL#5, and
haze were all P1 true breeding seedlines or strains (another term that needs
clarification). Romberry,
NL/Haze, and SK/NL were all F1 hybrids. Both the Romberry/NL/Haze and the RNHSN
would be F2s.
Within each group the consumer can know what to expect for the price they are
paying.
Few cannabis seedbanks (if any) and their breeders are following these
definitions and are subsequently
creating confusion within the cannabis seedbuying community. This is a change
that needs to happen.
Note: this is a rough draft to be published to the internet. Hopefully in
time it or something similar will be
used to help establish an industry standard. Any comments and critism is welcome
to aid in the
production of the final draft. Small steps like this can only benefit the
cannabis community over the long
haul.
REFERENCES:
Clarke RC. 1981. Marijuana Botony Ronin Publishing, California
Colangeli AM. 1989. Advanced Biology notes. University of Victoria, BC
Futuyma DJ. 1986. Evolutionary Biology Sinauer Associates, Inc. Massachusetts
Klug & Cummings. 1986. Concepts of Genetics 2nd ed. Scott, Foresman,
& comp. Illinois
Grossnickle & Russell. 1989. Stock quality improvement of yellow-cedar.
Canada-BC Forest Resources
Developement Agreement (F.R.D.A.) Project 2.40
Watts. 1980. Flower & Vegetable Plant Breeding Grower Books, London
Wright JW Introduction to Forest Genetics Academic Press, San Francisco
The subtlety of the F2 definition needs a bit more clarification
IMO. I suggest the convention that an F2 be the
offspring of members from the same F1 generation. Using your F1
Romberry example, an F2 Romberry is the
offspring of two F1 Romberry parents. Your mixed F2 hybrids are
what most of us have been simply referring to
as a “multi-way” hybrid. But technically you’re right that
it’s an F2 because it is a generation created by two F1
generations.
The recombination potential of these two types of F2 should be
emphasized. While an F2 Romberry may exhibit
traits ranging over all the possibilities inherent in the genetic
palette of Romulan and Blueberry, the "mixed F2" has
almost infinitely more possible genetic recombinations due to the
larger genepool of NL, SK#1, Haze, Romulan
and Blueberry.
Having made the above clarifications to your comments, I’d
like to expand on the subject of F2’s just a bit. More
people should be aware of the IMPORTANCE of the F2 generation in
breeding.
It's easy to be confused by terms that have more than one
interpretation, depending on the context. F2 seeds are
generally considered by the seed-buying public to be an inferior
product. This may be a true statement – for
example, in the case of a seed bank selling Jack Herer seeds
WITHOUT STATING that they were created by
crossing two Jack Herer plants from Sensi Seed Bank’s F1 stock.
These seeds are an F2 generation of Jack Herer
in the classic definition of the term. The F2 generation is NOT
going to produce the same results as the F1 in
terms of the similarity of the plants in the group…they will vary
in their characteristics rather than all of them
being essentially identical. Such a scam rips off the buyer
expecting a uniform crop of Jack Herer.
Now here’s the “kicker” – because of the negative
connotation of the example of an F2 above, some have the
mistaken impression that any member of the F2 generation is
undesirable as a plant. This is NOT necessarily true.
Quite the contrary; the F2 generation is a treasure trove of
possibilities. The recombination of genes produces a
variety of different plants, among which there may be individuals
of great value. This is actually the source for
future true-breeding strains. A breeder who recognizes an
outstanding and unique individual from an F2 group can
work with it to create a true-breeding hybrid strain such as was
done with classics like Skunk #1 and Northern
Lights. The methods to accomplish this task vary, but back crossing
to the original unique plant is typically a part
of a process which ultimately must accomplish the goal of creating
a strain which breeds true for all the important
traits which made the unique individual so valuable.
I hope the above will enlighten.
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