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Making Medical Marijuana Cannabis Tinctures:
Alcohol And Glycerin Methods
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Many patients who utilize and benefit from medical cannabis do not wish to
smoke due to the perceived health hazards of smoking or for other personal
reasons. These patients are in something of a bind. Smoking cannabis delivers
the active cannabinoids within seconds. Medicine is absorbed in the lungs and
goes directly to the brain and general circulation. The same effect can be
achieved with a vaporizer, which is safer than smoking burning vegetable
matter. Since the effects of inhaled cannabis are so quick, it is easy for
patients to titrate their dose by simply waiting a minute or two in between
puffs.
Oral cannabis, such as our Better Bud Butter, is absorbed in a very different
fashion from smoking or inhalation. The GI tract gradually absorbs
Cannabinoids over the course of one to two hours. Medicine is processed first
by the liver, which converts some cannabinoids such as delta nine to delta 11
version of THC. Orally delivered cannabis requires four to ten times the
amount of the smoked version in order to achieve the same effect. Orally
delivered cannabis can present a problem in achieving the required or desired
dose level in any consistent fashion.
Tincture is designed to address the problems of rapid medicine delivery and
consistent dosing. Most tinctures are made to be used under the tongue or
sublingually. English pharmaceutical companies are presently working on a
cannabis extract "spray" that can be used under the tongue in a
similar fashion. These sprays are not expected to be approved for use in the
United States for years and will be very expensive. Absorption by the arterial
blood supply under the tongue is completed in seconds. One trick is to not
swallow the dose as, if swallowed, absorption will be in the GI tract. Many
patients, though, add their tincture to a cup of tea or cranberry juice for
easy delivery. When tincture is used in a beverage, absorption will be slower
than if absorbed under the tongue. While tincture absorbed in an empty stomach
is accomplished in minutes, conversion in the liver remains, as does the
difficulty in titrating dose. Usually, a tincture dose is delivered by means
of a medicine dropper or a teaspoon. A rule of thumb on dose is that patients
receive benefit from 3-4 drops to a couple of full droppers depending upon the
potency of the tincture and the patient’s own unique requirements among
other factors.
The methods listed below will detail two major methods of preparing tincture.
While the methods are optimized for purity and potency, ultimately these will
largely be determined by the purity and potency of the cannabis from which the
tincture is made. Another item of note in regard to starting material for
tincture is the patient or caregiver selection of strain. A rough rule of
thumb is to select Indica dominant strains for cramping and muscle spasticity
and Sativa dominant strains for pain relief. The reality, though, is often
that the strain is unknown or not well characterized. Trial and error is
usually required to acquire the appropriate strain and the proper dose level.
General Rules:
Tincture is an extraction of active cannabinoids from plant material. Cannabis
contains many chemicals that can either upset the stomach or taste nasty. One
of the goals of extraction is to secure the cannabinoids while leaving out as
many of the terpenes and chlorophylls as possible. Both heat and light
adversely effect cannabinoids and should be avoided or minimized. Tincture
should be stored in airtight dark glass containers kept at room temperature or
below. Avoid plastic containers. The ethanol in the tincture may solubilize
some of the free vinyls in the plastic.
I found good recepies for three
methods: Hot Extraction, the quickest extraction of cannaboids (20 minutes);
suprisingly the Cold Extraction next (2-3 days); and the Warm Extraction longest
(30-60 days).
--
Hot Extraction:
This is a simple and efficient 4 Step process.
Ingredients:
1/8oz high quality cannabis
2 oz Bacardi Rum – 151 proof
Process Summary:
1. Chop cannabis very fine (coffee grinder works great)
2. Place in a shallow pan (pie pan with aluminum foil works great) and bake at
325°F for 4-5 minutes.
3. Remove from oven and place cannabis and place in 2 oz of rum (use a small
wide mouth mason jar)
4. Simmer in a water bath for 20 minutes. Maintain temperature of the
rum/cannabis mixture between 150°F – 165°F.
5. Strain the mixture and store.
Dosage:
One eyedropper is very nice. Two puts you in space. But you should self-titrate.
Effects take about 1.5 hours to begin (at least in myself) and lasted for 5
hours (1 dropper) to 7-8 hours (2 droppers).
Process details—references and rationalizations:
1. Chop the cannabis—more surface area gives means a faster and more efficient
extraction.
2. Bake the cannabis.
In whole-plant cannabis, THC content is expressed as THCA (tetrahydrocannabolic
acid) prior to decarboxylation into THC, which takes place when cannabis is
heated during cooking, and smoked or vaporized ingestion. THCA is a mild
analgesic and anti-inflammatory but does not have good affinity with our CB1
receptors, so in order to make a THC-rich tincture that has many of the same
therapeutic effects as smoked ingestion (including rapid absorption, quick
relief and ease of self-titration), we must convert the THCA in the plant matter
into THC prior to extracting it through an alcohol soak. (from Vancouver Island
Compassion Society http://thevics.com/cannamist.htm)
THC vaporizes at about 380°F. We want to heat the cannabis to convert THCA to
THC, but keep the temperature under 380°F. That is why 325°F is used. Between
four and five minutes your oven (and house) will start to smell very strong.
This is the time to remove the cannabis from the oven.
Notice also that there is considerable misinformation regarding heating the
cannabis. It is true that you don't have to heat it to extract both THC and THCA,
but the amount of THC in whole plant preparations is relatively small compared
to after decarboxylation of the THCA. So if you want to maximize the strength of
your tincture you must heat the cannabis prior to extraction.
3. Use the highest proof alcohol available. In my area this was Bacardi 151. The
more alcohol the more efficient the extraction will be.
4. Simmer the mixture.
This is one of the areas that seems to be most debated. Many recipes call for
placing the cannabis (unbaked of course) into the alcohol and waiting 2 – 6
weeks. The main concern with heating the alcohol is that it is “explosive”
(not exactly true...it is however flammable).
The purpose of the simmering is to heat the alcohol mixture to improve
extraction rates and efficiencies. Heating during extraction increases the
motion of the molecules (basic physics/chemistry) and drastically decreases
extraction times. The boiling point of pure ethanol is 173°F (78°C). We will
use the water bath to heat the rum/cannabis mixture to just below the boiling
point of ethanol.
Heating the alcohol mixture can be done very safely using a hot water bath. You
will need an accurate candy or quick read thermometer. Place about 1 inch of
water in a wide, vertical-edged pan (9” wide x 3” high). Bring the water to
a low simmer. The rum/cannabis mixture should be in a small (1 pint) mason jar.
Do NOT cover the jar.
Put the thermometer into the mason jar and place into the simmering water bath.
Bring the temperature of the rum/cannabis mixture to about 165°F (I maintain it
between 150°F and 165°F). You want the alcohol mixture to be just barely
moving (not boiling, but showing active convection within the mixture). If the
mixture starts to bubble too much, just turn down the water bath.
You should have the oven fan on high. You will notice that any alcohol fumes are
mixed with water vapor from the water bath and vented out the fan. This combined
with the fact that you are trying not to boil the ethanol makes the process
quite safe.
5. Strain, titrate, and store.
When you are finished with the extraction you will be left with about 1oz of
green dragon tincture. Note that one ounce of the alcohol has evaporated.
Now you should test your eyedropper. In my test 34 full droppers equaled one
ounce of liquid (this is a little less than one gram of liquid per dropperful as
29g equals 1ounce).
The liquid should be dark green and smell like cannabis.
6. Dosage.
Everybody is probably different. It takes me 1.5 hours to feel the effects of
eating cannabis. Similarly this tincture also takes 1.5 hours to take effect.
I had tried a tincture someone had made using the cold extraction method with
the same amount of cannabis and found that 5 droppers did pretty much nothing.
Using my Green Dragon technique I find that one dropper will bring effects on in
1.5 hours and last 5 hours with 1.5 hours of lingering aftereffects.
Two droppers gave me a "spiritual dose" (as strong as any brownie I
ever had). Effects lasted 7-8 hours with lingering effects for 2 more hours.
This means that 1/8oz of good cannabis yields about 30-34 doses of tincture (1
dropperful is really all I need). And is much more pleasant than smoking (which
really is bad for you and your lungs and the reason I've stopped smoking
entirely).
This link might be helpful. Metric Conversion: http://www.worldwidemetric.com/metcal.htm
Cold Method with Ethanol
Making tincture cold preserves the integrity of cannabinoids. To be potent,
this method requires starting material high in cannabinoid content such as
flowers or kief made from trim and leaf. The material must be mold free and
dry. Drying can be accomplished in the freezer (-4-10 degrees Celsius) or
better yet by placing in a liquid proof bag into a dry ice/ethanol ice bath
(-70 degrees Celsius). Once water has been removed then the surface area of
the starting material requires expansion. This can be accomplished a number of
ways but two ways stand out:
Using flowers (bud)- Place dried buds in a coffee grinder and pulse until
thoroughly ground but not powdered.
Making kief- Rub dry trim and leaves over a silk screen. Collect the powder
the comes through the screen. It should be a very pale green. "Kiefing"
is an age old way of extracting trichomes from plant material.
Whether kief or ground bud is used both should kept ice cold for this
preparation. Similarly, the ethanol to be used should also be ice cold
throughout the process.
Selection of alcohol- ethanol or ethyl alcohol is the form of alcohol that can
be used by humans. The proof listed on commercial alcohol refers to the
percentage of ethanol that the beverage contains. The proof is twice the
percentage, so 80 "proof" means that the mixture contains 40%
ethanol. The higher the alcohol content used, the better the extraction will
work. Ideally, 200 proof ethanol would be best except that ethanol cannot be
distilled to this proof so benzene is used to remove the last vestiges of
water. This makes "pure" ethanol poisonous.
Many folks use "Everclear" which stands at 190 proof or 95% ethanol.
Everclear has no taste. Apparently, Everclear is not available in all States.
A close second choice is 151 proof rum. This is a light amber liquid that is
75% ethanol that has a sweet taste. One of our caregiver writers will use
nothing but Korbel brandy because she likes the taste. Others use iced Russian
vodka. These "normal" distilled spirits are 40% to 50% ethanol. Some
patients find that the higher proofs ethanols like Everclear and 151 rum burn
too much under the tongue. If burning is a concern consider a high quality
90-100 proof Vodka.
Cold Extraction and purification- Use at least one ounce of starting material
to each pint of ethanol. Place cold powdered kief or ground cannabis flowers
together with ethanol in a glass quart-mixing jar. Close the jar tightly and
vigorously shake for five minutes then return to the freezer. Continue to
agitate the mixture every few hours with refreezing. Continue for a period of
two to three days.
Pour the cold mixture through a double thickness of sterile cheesecloth. Save
the cheesecloth "ball" for topical uses or use the material to make
bud butter once dried. The liquid collected through the cheesecloth should
then be filtered twice through a paper coffee filter. Use gloves throughout
the process, as it is necessary to squeeze the cheesecloth and coffee filters
to facilitate the extraction. Without gloves some of the material will be
absorbed on the skin.
If Everclear is used the tincture will be pale green to golden. If 151 rum is
used an amber tincture results. Dark green tinctures mean that excess plant
material is present. This does not mean that the tincture will not be potent,
just taste nasty. When Everclear is used, various flavor extracts may be added
(vanilla, raspberry, etc.). Be careful to use only a few drop of flavor
extract.
Jay R. Cavanaugh, Ph.D.
AAMC, National Director
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